Note -- [All referenced # frames are Bio Science II Video Disk unless otherwise indicated]

A. Asexual Reproduction Background Summary

1. In Asexual Reproduction, offspring organisms initially develop from (alike = not different)
U _ D _ _ F _ _ _ N _ _ A _ _ _ parental cells known as S _ E _ C _ L _ S (Ref. #1)

Ref. #1 Ref. #2 Ref. #3

2. Additional cells may form from already D _ _ _ E R _ _ T _ A _ _ D (Link to definition!)
body cells

3. Asexual cell division to make new cells is by the process of _ I _ _ _ _ S (Ref. #2)

4. Only (how many) _ _ _ parent(s) provide(s) genetic material to the offspring

5. Each offspring has I _ _ _ T _ _ _ _ heredity to the parent(s) (Ref. #3 say Hello to Dolly!)

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B. TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION -- Budding

a. Notes on asexual reproduction

                     (1) parent divides into two U _ _ Q _ _ _   cytoplasmic
                           parts by mass.

Ref. #1

(2) small external outgrowth

is a B _ _ (Not the beer please!) (Ref. #1)

Ref. #2

(3) equal division of nucleus is by M _ _ _ S _ _

Video clip of budding. First try clicking on this link. Sometimes they open; sometimes they don't.
if not, open an internet explorer and copy & paste this web address (URL) into the address window. http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/salmon/lab/WTDIC.mov for a 0:38 sec. video
Note the comparative sizes of the daughter cells at the end of the cell division.

b. Example(s) of asexual reproduction

(1) Y _ _ S _ (Ref. #3) (note the bottom one has a B _ D!)

    (2)   H _ _ _ A (Ref. #4) Clue -- this aquatic creature takes its
           name from the Greek word root for water which is of course,
           commonly used in English too..

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2. Types of Asexual Reproduction -- Regeneration

a. Definition of Regeneration – "to A _ A _ _ G _ _ _ lost body parts"

b. Regeneration notes

(1) reproductive method in E _ _ R G _ _ C _ situations (Ref. #1)

(2) greater regeneration in S _ _ P _ _ organisms (Ref. #2)

(3) lesser regeneration in more C _ _ P _ _ X organisms (Ref. #3)

(4) Which of the three prior points best describes humans? ___________

Ref. #1 Ref. #2 Ref. #3 (& not much more)

c. Examples of regenerative ability in a series of different organisms

1) In a H _ _ _ _ , a half organism can re-grow a whole organism
(Ref. #4)

       (2) In flatworms (Ex. P _ _ N _ R _ _)
            a piece can regrow a W _ O _ E
            new worm (Ref. #5)

            Ref. #5 This is a platyhelminthes
            (Platy =   _ _ A T)
            (Helminthes = W _ _ _) It's cute!

(3) In a S _ A S T _ _ (new name for old creature), a piece re-grows whole
organism (An Interesting story of the oystermen of New England) (Ref. #6)

(4) In E _ _ T _ W _ _ M, the front half re-grows tail half (Ref. #7)

(5) A L O _ _ T _ R or a C _ A B) can re-grow a new C _ _ W (Ref. #8)

(6) The trend {c(1) to c(5)} - - is a(n) _ _ CREASE in C _ M _ L _ X _ T _ &

_ _ CREASE in _ E _ E N _ R A _ I_ N

Ref. #6 Ref. #7 Ref. #8 Ref. #8

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         3.   Types of Asexual Reproduction --
           Vegetative Reproduction
                      (Natural Asexual Reproductive methods in   _ L _ _ T _)

            a. definition –   V E G _ _ A _ _ V _    structures (parts of plants)
                such as R _ _ _ _ , S _ _ _ _ , & L _ _ _ _ _ (#3) give rise to whole
                new plants

            b. notes
                (1)    U N _ _ _ F _ _ _ N _ _ _ _ _ D (unspecialized) cells from only
                        certain regions of plant tissue divide by process of  M _ _ O _ _ _

(2) new tissue D I _ _ _ R _ N _ _ A _ _ S to form a new plant

(3) new plant is I _ _ N _ _ _ _ L to its parent

c. example(s) of vegetative methods in plants

                    (1) bulbs --
                     (a) definition -- V _ R T _ _ A _    U _ D _ R G R _ _ _ D    S _ E _
                          surrounded by fleshy nutritious leaves

(b) Ex. T U _ _ _ (Ref. #1) & O N _ _ _ (Ref. #2)

Ref. #1 Ref. #2

(2) tuber --

(a) definition -- enlarged nutritious horizontal S T A _ C _ Y
underground S _ _ _

(b) B_ D _ (eyes) D _ F _ _ R _ N _ _ _ _ E into new plants

Ref. #3 Ref. #4a

Ref. #4b (Hint #18 in 1986)

Ref. #4c Ref. #5

                             (3)   runner -- (Ref. #4a)
                                    (a)   definition A _ O _ E   ground   H _ R _ Z _ N _ A _   stem
                                           with B _ _ S
                                    (b) buds differentiate from only certain plant T _ _ _ U _ S
                                    (c)     Ex. S T R _ _ B _ _ _ Y, (Ref. #4b & 4c) and the hated
                                           C R _ B _ _ _ _ S (Ref. #5)

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4. Artificial ( M _ _ - M _ D E) methods
of vegetative propagation

a. cuttings

(1) any part of a plant used to make a new plant (Ref. #1, #2)

Ref. #1 Ref. #2

b. grafting (Ref. #3, #4)

Ref. #3 (diagram of one method) Ref.. #4 (photo of another method)

(1) bud or S _ _ _ from one plant joined to S _ _ _ of closely related plant

(2) the growing vascular (adjective of V E _ _ _ L) T _ _ _ U _ S
(fluid tubes) of the two plants must structurally match

(3) Let's see what happens if a pear branch is grafted onto apple stock (stem).
New fruit on this branch would yield which type of fruit?

                       (a) pear           (b) apple                  (c) pear-apple     (d) some pears +
                                                                                                              some apples
                         ___________. (think!)

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C. ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION
over sexual reproduction

1. new plants are I _ _ _ T _ C _ L to parent(s)

2. L _ _ _ time to mature fruit means more profits for growers

3. used exclusively for S E _ _ L _ _ S fruits such as ...

(Ex. W _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ N or _ R _ _ E _ _ _ I _)
Note the melancholy smile on this fruity Mona Lisa.

Click on the grapefruit for the answers to this section. (Oh my goodness, I gave it away!)

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