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A. Damage to the Immune System

1. Your immune system may be weakened due to factors such as:

a. S _ R _ _ S

"What; me _ _ _ _ Y!"

b. F _ _ I G _ E

"Even lizards need Zzzz's"

c. poor N U _ _ I _ _ O _

"Dinner anyone?"

d. O V _ _ T _ A I N _ _ G

"Did somebody overdo it again?"

e. viral disease such as A _ _ _

2. The HIV V _ _ _ _ causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

This is the magnified HIV virus."

HIV attacks the specialized white blood cells (L Y _ _ _ O C _ _ E _) in your own
body’s _ _ M U _ E System.

        "The   L Y _ _ _ O C _ _ E _ is the stained blue cell
        surrounded by the red blood cells."

         In HIV infections, a great many of these cells' T lymphocytes are
        destroyed over a period of several Y _ _ _ S, ruining the body’s
        ability to fight off other D _ _ E _ S _ S.

A person with AIDS, with a weakened _ M _ U _ _ system may succumb to an
infection such as that caused by the bacterium Pneumocystis carinii.

(Here you see many bacteria in a cross section of lung tissue!)

A person with AIDS may succumb to the above bacterium
which attacks their R _ _ _ I _ A T _ _ Y system, ...
creating P _ _ U M _ _ I _ (as pictured).

A person with AIDS may succumb to the above bacterium which attacks their
R _ _ _ I _ A T _ _ Y system, creating P _ _ U M _ _ I _ (as pictured above).

      A person with AIDS may succumb to a type of cancer
     (such as the pictured Kaposi sarcoma) that the body
     cannot handle.

Damage answers lie beyond this point!

B. Over-Active Immune System --- Allergies

         Foods rich in P _ O T _ _ _ S         Three types of membrane P _ O T _ _ _ S

        1.   Normally, environmental substances such as (P _ O T _ _ _ S) are
              rather harmless. However, ...

    ... some people have a rapid and excessive I _ _ _ N E
    system response to an environmental stimulus. This type
    of an excessive response is known as a(n)   _ L _ E _ G _.

2. Common causes of allergies include foods such as ...

a. P _ A _ _ T S

b. S _ E L _ F _ S _

c. T _ _ A T _ _ S

d. C _ _ C O L _ T _

e. P _ _ L E _ S (not a food)

such as those from G R _ _ _, W _ E _ S, or T _ E _ S

f. proteins found in insect S _ I _ G S

g. medicines such as P _ _ I C _ L _ _ N

3. In people with allergies, the immune system releases chemicals called
H I _ _ _ M _ _ E _.

H I _ _ _ M _ _ E _ released from cell vesicle

This natural histamine release leads to symptoms such as a ...

RUNNY N _ _ _, S _ _ _ Z _ N _, a R _ S _, and S _ E _ L _ _ G.

The last symptom above (____________) if it occurs near an airway may
interfere with a persons’ ability to B _ E _ _ H E.

      People who suffer from allergies purchase medications
                                               known as A _ T _ - H _ _ T A _ _ N _ S to reduce the
                                                 effects of the _ I _ T _ _ I _ E S and their annoying
                                                 symptoms.

For Answers to this section, please follow this lovely link!

C. Self versus Non-Self

   1.  Sometimes the _ _ M U _ E system fails
        to recognize the ‘self’ marker P _ O _ _ _ N
        molecules on its own cells and attacks our
        body’s own cells.

Marker P _ O _ _ _ N S in a cell membrane

       In some cases, the immune system attacks
     and destroys the pancreatic cells that produce
     I _ S _ _ I _ . This results in one type of
     D _ A _ _ T E S.

Pancreatic cells under attack

2. Transplanted organs from another person have foreign
proteins (known as A _ T _ G E _ S) on their cell surfaces.

The _ _ M _ N E system recognizes the transplant cells
as non-self and attacks them.

   To avoid R _ _ E _ T _ O _ of their new organ, transplant
   patients receive injections of special drugs to reduce the
   effectiveness of their _ M _ U N _   system.
   Even a hair transplant could come under attack.

The patient might then become ill from an attack by P _ _ H O _ _ N _

(Ex. these non-pathogenic _ A _ T E _ _ _) normally would
be of little threat.

This is where your answers lie!

C. (continued) Diseases & Marker Proteins

C. 3. In such diseases, the body mistakenly considers part of itself as foreign
(P _ O _ _ N _ known as antigens) and starts to attack these body parts.

Antigen on a cell's surface

    Some diseases are known as _ U _ _ -
    immune diseases. Examples of these
    dangerous diseases include ...

This may be the wrong type of A _ _ O. What do you think?

C 3.a. M.S. (Full name to follow)

MS attacks nerve cells of the brain resulting in paralysis.

MS is an auto-immune disease known as M _ _ _ I P _ _ S _ L _ _ O S _ _

C. 3. b. Lupus

       Lupus usually attacks W _ _ E _ (see the three photos). In advanced cases,
        such as those pictured, it forms a red rash around the _ Y _ _.   This
        auto-immune rash reminded some people (with hyperactive imaginations of
        course) of the bite of a W _ _ F and the word Lupus is the Latin word
        for W _ _ F.

          C. 3. c. R. A. (Full name to follow)


    Crippling in F _ _ G _ R _, H _ _ D _      and              K _ _ E S

    These are the crippling effects of R.A. (R _ E _ M A _ _ _ D    A _ T _ R _ _ I S),
    another of the auto-immune diseases.

        To reduce the immune system's attack, doctors often prescribe medications.
        These medications are often successful, but now with a weakened immune
        system, the person is more vulnerable to the attacks of harmful P _ _ H O _ _ N S.

C 4. The immune system deals with specific identification
        proteins known as M _ _ K _ R proteins that are
        part of the CELL M _ _ _ R _ _ E or a bacterial
        CELL W _ _ _.

        M _ _ K _ R   proteins are the green structures on
        the top. Marker proteins identify a cell as part of
        the host O R _ _ N _ _ M.

Marker P _ O _ _ _ N S from anybody other than you (except for an
_ D _ _ _ I C _ _ _ W _ _) identify the cell as being foreign (an _ N T _ _ E _ ).

The presence of an Antigen triggers the I _ _ U N _ system to attack the
C _ _ _ on which the A _ T _ _ E _ S are found.

Kindly press here to see some real answers to this portion!

D. Steps in the Functioning of the Immune System

    Note -- Most of the figures are caricatures of molecules which depict concepts
    of how the immune system functions, not actual molecular shapes. At other
    times, your teacher was able to find real photographs.   As before, items in
    italics are optional for Bio R, but required for Bio H. Optional sections could
    be used to form optional questions on the not so optional quizzes.

Two representations of a B _ _ _ E R I _ M with surface _ N _ I G _ _ S

     1.    An invading P _ T _ _ _ E _  , often a B _ _ _ E R I _ M, has
            characteristic    A _ _ I G _ N _   on its surface. Different graphic
            artists sketch these attached proteins differently.

     2.    The first method of attacking a P _ _ _ O G _ _ shows a specialized type
            of white blood cells known as a macro/phage (macro means B _ _;
            phage (as in your esophagus) means E _ _ _ R) ingesting (swallowing)
            an invader

Play this simple 7 second Video of #2 above at ...
http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/antibiotics/macrophage.mov

Three views of macrophage cells "eating" attacking pathogens
     The cartoon shows a pathogen being swallowed by a blue macrophage.
     The middle photo shows macrophage extensions collecting bacteria.
     The photo on the right shows two red pathogens being swallowed.

Some specific types of macrophage cells are ...

Monocytes and Neutrophils

      3.   A second method of attacking a pathogen has the macrophage capture,
            but not swallow the P _ _ H O G _ _ . The macrophage attaches
            to the pathogen.
            The antigen is then prominently displayed like a captured enemy flag
            to allow other white blood cells to arrive, study the enemy and hopefully
            to join the fight.

Macrophage (green) displays captured antigens (black)
on its surface.

Play this difficult but interesting 1:33 Video (which may take 30 seconds
before it plays) of #3 above (second method of attack) at ...
http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/homeostasis/immunity/macro_init_immun_resp_cell.mov

4. In still a third method of defense against diseases, other white blood
cells known as L Y _ _ _ O C _ T _ _ make A _ T _ B _ _ I _ S.

      The two bigger cells are L Y _ _ _ O C _ T _ _ surrounded
     by many and somewhat smaller R _ _    B _ _ O _   C E L L S

              (I don't expect you to get all of this next video, but the animation is
             interesting and it reinforces the way cells identify each other in the
             immune system!)

Play this also difficult but interesting 1:19 Video of #3 above at ... http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/homeostasis/immunity/b_cell_response_antibody.mov

        The three methods of immune defense in summary are:
            a.   Macrophage swallows attacking P _ T _ _ _ E _
            b.   Macrophage captures P _ T _ _ _ E _ and displays them for attack by other
                  cells.
            c.   L Y _ _ _ O C _ T _ _ make A _ T _ B _ _ I _ S to attack pathogens.

These antibodies are precisely shaped P _ O _ E _ _ S
t... hat match up to the antigens by a corresponding S _ _ P _.

Antigens on bacteria are identified by antibodies on cell surfaces.

        Note the _ _ A P E of the antigen and the _ _ A P E
        of the tip of the antibody.   They fit together like a key
        fits into its L _ _ K.

    It often takes about 5 days to produce enough
    A N _ I _ _ D _ E _ to successfully wage war against many
    pathogens.   During this time interval, the pathogens are
    winning and the patient feels S _ _ _.   What a CATastrophe!

    Once you have sufficient antibodies in your B _ O _ D,
     the number of bacteria decreases and the patient starts
     categorically feeling better.

    Antibodies are often associated with B _ O _ D
    cells like these (See the arrow!).

    5.   After many antibodies have been made, the invading
          cell or V _ _ _ S is surrounded and the newly made
          antibodies attach to the _ _ T _ G E _ S.

          These are V _ _ _ S particles pictured on the right!

    6. Once invaders are marked with _ N _ I B _ _ _ E S
         attached to A _ T _ _ E _ S , big white blood cells
         known as M _ _ _ O _ H A G _ S move in.

        Foreign cell (bottom with A _ T _ _ E _ S attaches to
        _ N _ I B _ _ _ E S   made by immune cell (top green).

    These macrophages surround the invader (green) and are
    triggered to S _ C R _ _ E chemicals that kill the
    P _ T _ O _ _ _.

The bacteria (small green dude lower right) is the
P _ T _ O _ _ _ in this diagram.

Here are the long lost answers to this section!!!!

E. Five Important Steps in the Preparation of Vaccinations

    Historical Background   --   One of these two creatures is a
    vacca which centuries ago gave rise to the term vaccination.
    (Hint -- Its the dude who does not belong in this doctored photo.)

            1.   Scientists learned that live pathogens, weakened pathogens or even the
               _ R O _ E _ _ parts of pathogens may stimulate the immune system to react.
               This is true because all three would contain the same A _ T _ G E _ S.

        One common method of preparing a pathogen is to H _ _ _
        it just enough to weaken it, but not enough to change the
        _ H _ P _ of its identifying protein.

   2.   The weakened pathogen is then introduced
         I _ J E _ T E _) into a human. This technique
         is known as a V _ _ _ I N _ T _ O N.

       (I'm not referring to the 60's singer Bobby Vinton.)

    3. Pathogens are identified as foreign by the unique shapes
        of the M A _ _ E R      _ R O _ E _ _ S   imbedded in
        the C _ _ _    M _ _ _ R A _ E   of the pathogen.

        (Picture!) Varied white blood cells

        4.  The vaccine causes our immune system to respond just as if
            it had been attacked by full strength live _ A _ H O _ _ N _ .
            Slowly at first, then much quicker our lymphocytes (a type
            of w.b.c.) produce _ _ T I _ O _ I _ S specific to the
            S _ A _ _ of the vaccine’s antigen.

            Lymphocytes are pictured on the left.

       White blood cells such as the "big eater"
       M A _ R O _ H _ _ E then move in and directly
       attack the pathogens by S _ A _ L _ W I _ G
       them.

     A M A _ R O _ H _ _ E   eating smaller bacteria.
     (Yummy in its tummy!) Yes, Virginia, we know,
       bacteria don't have tummies!

        5.   After vaccination, the immune system chemically "remembers" a pathogen’s
            surface A _ T _ _ E _ S and leaves behind a small group of white blood
              cells that remember how to quickly make the antibodies specific to this
              _ _ _ H _ G _ N.   These defense cells and protective molecules remain
              in the body at relatively high concentrations often for many Y _ _ _ S.

    If your body ever is invaded by I D _ N T _ _ A L
strains of this pathogen, your I _ _ U N _ response
    is usually so very fast that the disease organisms will
    not have time to significantly R _ _ _ O D _ _ E before
    the _ M _ _ N E system wipes them out.

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