HUMAN DIGESTION SUMMARY POINTS

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A.     DIGESTION INTRODUCTION  

                                                     

       Digestion is the B _ _ A K D _ _ N
  (chemical process of H Y _ _ O _ _ S _ S)
  of large organic (C _ _ _ O _  containing)
  molecules.
 

    

                                       

         These large organic molecules
    (commonly known as  F _ _ D) obtained
    from the E _ V _ _ O _ M E _ T  are used
    to nourish the organism.

    

           

 

        This wolf is a  H _ _ E R _ T _ O P _ E (noun)

        

 

     Consuming molecules for nourishment is an example of  H _ _ E R _ T _ O P _ I _ 
(H _ _ E R _  means  O _ H _ R  and  T _ O P _ I _  means G R _ W I _ _  or
F _ E _ _ N G)  nutrition

 

                Please press here to check your answers for this portion.

 

B.  GENERAL POINTS:

    1.  A complete digestive system (one-way continuous  G A _ _ R _ -
            I N _ E _ T I _ _ L   tract) is found in our phylum  C _ O _ _ A T _  . 

                  
       One of these is an actual human "photo" and the other is a diagram.  Can
        you guess which is which?  The photo is the one on the ________.

                          

 

      2.  Food moved through the GI tract by slow
           rhythmic  I N _ _ L _ _ _ A _ Y   muscular
           contractions called   P _ R I S _ _ _ S _ S

 

    (as of 10.31.07)      http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6588586970696273886&q=peristalsis&total=48&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

    This silent video shows peristalsis in the upper digestive tract. 
    The large dark body is the  _ T _ _ A _ H.

    (as of 10.31.07) we have ...  http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4820498437416457836&q=peristalsis&total=48&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=3
    This nutty musical review does through the human digestive tract.

    http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7522530408810393974&q=peristalsis&total=48&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4
    This video with audio shows peristalsis in the sheep bowel (large intestine). 
    Just play the first 30 seconds to get a hint of this delicious process.

    Press here for the answers to this section.  Thanks gang!

 C.  ORAL CAVITY (MOUTH):

         

                    Oral Cavity

   

      1.  The act of taking in food is known as  
            _ _ G E _ T _ O _

 

 

 

      2.  DEFINITION --- DIGESTION is the conversion of large  
            I N _ O L _ B _ _  molecules into smaller   S _ L _ _ L _  ones.

   

     

      3.  What biochemical process that we already studied
           does the above definition and the picture on the
           left match?        _ Y _ _ O L _ _ I _

  Clue -- Water is added in this process.

 

   

       4.  The cutting or grinding of food to increase its  
            S _ _ F _ _ _    A _ _ _  is known as  M E _ _ A _ _ C A _   
            (a.k.a.  P H _ _ I _ _ _)  digestion.

 

        Most food is ground by your teeth.  Surprise!

 

       

 

5.     5.   The chemical splitting of large molecules into smaller
             ones is a type of  B I O _ H _ _ I _ _ L
             (E N _ Y _ _ _ I _) digestion.
             The Zyme root as pictured is short for   _ N _ Y _ E.

 

 

 

 

 

    6.  The enzymes of the mouth are secreted
         by the  S _ L I _ _ R _   glands.

 

 

 

        Click here to check the answers!

 

 

 D.  ESOPHAGUS:

         

Diagram                            Photograph of esophagus (cross section)

              
                                             

            One  macroPHAGe                     The process of PHAGocytosis  

       1.  NOTE --- root PHAG means to   _ _ _   as in the words MacroPHAGe
            or   PHAGocytosis  (Clue -- What are these cells doing?)

           

                       

 

       2.  P _ R I _ T _ _ _ I _   moves food to the stomach

 

 

 

Which way to the stomach?  (Hint; follow the food!)

    Then, 3.  A ring of circular muscle called a  S _ _ I _ _ T _ _   controls the
    flow of food into the stomach

                             

     This photo is the falsely named Cardiac  S _ _ I _ _ T _ _   between
     the esophagus and stomach.   Do you get the feeling that this is a very poor name
     for this sphincter?  This circular valve has nothing at all to do with the human 
     H _ A _ T.  It just happens to be near to the heart.

    Push this line to see answers divine!  (Not really, but it rhymes!)

 

 

  ^{E.  STOMACH:}

               

            Stomach Diagram                    Stomach Lining (electron micrograph)

      1.   Chemical secreting glands
            (G A _ _ R _ C  glands)  are in its lining.

                

                 Glands in stomach lining.

   

  2.  The chemical   _ Y _ _ _ C _ _ O _ _ _    
        _ _ _ D   provides the  _ _ _   pH necessary
        for the proper functioning of the specialized
        enzymes  (known as  P _ O T _ A S _ S) 
        of the stomach.  Gee I wonder from the name
        what type of nutrients these enzymes could
        digest?

 

   

3.    3.  A circular muscular valve (The pyloric 
           S _ _ _ N _ _ E R)  at the exit of the stomach
           controls the flow of semi-solid food  (C _ _ _ _)
           from the  S _ O _ _ C _   and then into the 
           S _ A _ _       _ N _ E _ T _ _ E .

 

 #4 is the  S _ _ _ N _ _ E R  of course!

        Here's the place for saving grace!    (Teacher is getting tired!)

 

 

 

 F.  LIVER/GALL BLADDER

 

 

           1.   Bile is made in the   _ _ _ _ _

 

 

   Where bile is made.

 

 2.  Bile is then stored in the  _ A _ _    _ L A _ D _ _ 

 

 

 

  This sac is where bile is stored.

   

    3.  Bile is released into the  _ _ _ L _   
         _ _ _ E _ _ _ N _    to then physically digest
        large fat droplets into smaller ones (the
        process of emulsification.)

        Please follow the green path of the bile out
        of the gall bladder (a sack) downward.  (Note
        that the tube runs behind the stomach (not shown)
        and enters the  S _ _ _ L    I _ T _ _ _ I N _.

          The release of bile.  (think green!)

 

           

        This drawing shows the gall gladder leading to the bile duct
        which then drains into the small intestine.
 

 

 

   

    4.  E M _ L _ I _ _ C _ T _ _ _   of fats is a physical
         process which   _ _ CREASES  the  surface area
         of  _ _ T _   to then allow enzymatic digestion to
         begin.

 

 

 

 

Diagram of this process with fats
 

Photograph of a few large fat droplets and many small droplets
before this physical process starts.

 

Time to check what you have done!

 

G.   SMALL   INTESTINE:

       

 

           

 

   

          

 

Diagram (surprise!)                        Photograph of some loops of the small intestine

       

                  

          Villi diagram                     Villi photo                            Villi magnified photo

   1.  The lining of the small intestine has its surface area increased by the presence
        of millions of finger-like folds to increase the rate of nutrient absorption.
        These tiny folds are known as   V _ _ _ I

       

 

       2. The lining itself makes and releases several digestive  
        _ N _ _ M _ _

             

 

        3. Small digested molecules  (S _ G _ _ S  and 
       A _ _ N _      _ C _ D S   are absorbed
       through tiny projections (vill) into small
       blood vessels called  C _ _ I _ L _ R _ E _
       of the circulatory system.

      

 

       

       

        One product                      &    Another product                        of fat digestion

    4.    The end products of fat (lipid) digestion  (G _ Y _ _ R _ _ E   & 
           F _ _ _ _     A _ _ _ S)  are absorbed through the lining of the
           small intestine into small circulatory vessels of the  L _ _ _ H  SYSTEM.
           These vessels are known as   L A _ _ E A _ S  

           And the answers are ... 

 

 

   H.      LARGE  INTESTINE  (COLON)

       

        

                Diagram              Realistic Model                Very Real Internal Photo

             

                        

              Vegetable Fiber                          (Is this fibber or fiber?)
                                                            (Oops; its optic fiber!)

   1.  Fiber contains large amount of undigested fibrous plant tissues
        (known as  R _ U G _ A _ _)  and large amounts of    W _ T _ _

       

       

     
   
    "Just how much fiber have you been feeding him?"

 

    These are two rough(age) cartoons of course!       
  

 

 

    2.  Most of the water in the large intestine (C _ _ O _)  is normally
         reabsorbed at many points in the arrows on the left diagram back into
         the   _ I _ _ _ L _ T _ _ Y   system

                           
         I could have been much more graphic ...   
        Solid waste in the R _ _ _ U _,  but could you bear the sight of it?

    3.  Solid wastes (F _ _ _ S) are stored at the far end of the digestive tube 
         (known as the  A L _ M _ _ T _ R _     C _ N _ _)  in a region known as
         the   R _ _ _ U _

                       
          Diagram                            Anatomical diagram of this structure

    4.  The process of   _ E R _ S _ A _ S _ _   along with voluntary muscles
         pushes the solid waste  ( F _ _ _ S) out  through a circular valve known
         as the  _ _ _ L    _ P _ I _ C _ _ _  (A _ _ S)

        

        This is a photo of an actual  A _ _ L  SPHINCTER

 

 

         

        What the heck; the answers we will now check!