THEORES OF EVOLUTION   Italics Bio H and some Bio R
       Edited 3.9.08

 

    

A.         Jean Baptiste De Lamarck

                 

        An early theory by J. LaMarck (b. 1801) –
        said that change in a species is based on 
        N _ _ _  (That which an organism wants)

        1.  This theory was known as the Theory of
              Use & Disuse

            2.  Whereas LaMarck’s theory was widely rejected even by the scientific
                 community, its major function is to point out that C. D _ R _ I _  was not
                 the first person to  propose that life on Earth changed over millions of years.

        Click here to see the answers to this set.

 

 

 

    B.  Charles Darwin  (All students do this part.)
(controversial five part theory) with a silly acronym sentence.
(If you don't like my acronym sentence, then invent one of your own.)
 

               

                1.  (OLD)  Overproduction –
      Each P _ _ U _ _ T _ _ N produces more
      offspring than the  E _ V _ _ _ _ _ _ _ T
      can possibly support  

 

 

 

 

 

 

             2.  (VERMONTERS)  Variation –                   
    Offspring are not all alike within a single 
    S _ _ C _ _ S  due to M _ _ O S I S,  _ E _ E
    R E _ _ M _ _ _ A T _ _ _   &  R _ _ _ O _
    _ _ R _ I L _ _ A _ _ _ N

 

 

 

 

 

       

                      3.  (CAN)  Competition 
        (Darwin called this the  S _ _ _ G _ L _ for  E X _ _ T _ _ C _)  --
        develops within a population due to shortages in resources
        (usually  F _ _ D,  W _ _ _ _   or   S _ A C _)    

        

 

                          

                4.  (NEVER) (N _ _ _ R _ _    S _ _ _ C _ _ _ N)
      or Survival of the F _ _ _ E _ T  -- 
      Due to the  V _ _ _ A _ _ _ _   in a population
      that is competing for some natural resource,
      some members are better  A _ _ P _ E _   (fit)
      to survive in a particular environment.   They
      don't change; they already possession some
                                              favorable adaptations.   In the case of beavers,
                                              Darwin felt nature selected for B _ _   T _ _ T _

 

                N _ _ _ R _    S _ _ _ C _ S  for the most   _ _ _  individuals in a population.

 

 

                  

       Lemming A                Lemming B               Lemming C             Lemming D

 

    Which of the four lemmings pictured above (A,B,C or D) is most fit to survive when chased by this arctic fox below?)      ________

       

                           
    This is foxy!                Many think that the original video scene was staged
                                     and that the lemmings did not voluntarily jump off the
                                     cliffs.

 

                   Cartoonists have poked fun at the lemming migrations and weird
    jump off the cliffs behavior for decades. 
    (The above paragraph is not on the WS)     
             

                  A few will not make the journey or the plunge and will be around
    for the next season.

 

                5.  (REPRODUCE)  Reproduction –
      Surviving individuals who were most 
      _ I _  transmit the successful variations
      (characteristics or   _ D _ _ _ A T _ O _ _) 
 

                    which they possess to their 
     offspring.                         

 

 

      Arrival of a lemur  O _ _ _ P _ _ _ G   

                                       

                    Will the children produced by this sexy looking lemming
  most likely resemble lemming A, B, C or D as pictured

                 above?   ______

     

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Darwin Part 2        Italics Bio H (& some Bio R)

 

 

6.      Speciation –

 

         

      

    Over time, the adaptation of traits better suited to new  _ N _ I _ _ N _ _ N _ S   
creates new increasingly different species from one common   A _ C _ _ _ _ R.  

    Here, we see the radiating pattern of several B _ _ _  species from one ancestor. 
   Sorry, the resolution of the originals was not that great.

 

                               
   D _ V _ _ G _ _ T   WOOD          Danger Sign for  R _ _ _ A T _ O _
 

  This radiating pattern of speciation is known as   D _ V _ _ G _ _ T      
  _ V _ _ U _ _ O _   or  A _ _ P _ I _ _    R _ _ _ A T _ O _.

         

       All students resume here

      7.  Weakness of Darwin’s Theory - -
           a.   Darwin never suggested any explanation for the causes of  new  
                 V _ _ I _ T _ O _ S   within a species.  
           b.   He did his investigations years before certain biological factors were
                 known.  These factors which lead to greater diversity are ...
                  (1)   _ U T _ T _ O _ S,
                  (2)   M _ _ O S _ S (including crossing-over),  or  
                  (3)   G _ _ _       _ _ C O _ _ I N _ _ _ _ _   during fertilization.

Click here for the answers to this optional section (required for Bio. H)

 

 

               C.      Example 1 of Darwinian Evolution
             Divergent  (to become different)  Evolution in Action

 1. 

           

 

 

   DDT, an effective I N S E C T I _ _ _ _  ( I N S E C T 
   K _ _ _ _ R), originally killed most insect pests for
   which it was used. 

 

 

                   

 

 

   Only a few   _ N _ E _ T S  survived the initial DDT
   sprayings because they were already   _ M _ U N _ 
   to this chemical.  (Note that no insect adapted to
   anything; each either was or was not immune to the
   pesticide.)

  

   

 

 

Those few survivors produced  many
O _ _ S _ R I _ G  like their parents.           

Before DDT was finally  banned, large numbers of  insects were immune
(R E _ I _ T A _ T)  to DDT's lethal effect.

 

Click here for answers to this section.

 

 

      C.      Example 2 of Darwinian Evolution

             

                      

          2.    Penicillin is isolated from a primitive mold known
                  as penicillium.  Here are two different views of
                  this wild mold.   Aren't you green with envy on
                  just how beautiful it looks?  

    

                      

              Penicillin an  A _ _ _ B _ _ T _ _    (A _ _ I _ S _    ‘B _ _ _ E R _ _ _’   L _ _ _),
           originally killed many bacteria for which it was used.  It saved many human lives. 
           Here it is pictured in capsule form. 

          New forms (strains) of B _ _ _ E R _ A  have now developed which are 
          _ _ M U _ E   to the penicillin. 

         Researchers must continually produce new antibiotics which can still kill the now
         penicillin-resistant (immune) strains of bacteria.

         The bad news is that the rate of bacterial immunity is faster than the rate of the
         development of new  _ N _ I _ _ O T _ _ S.  Humans are losing the race.     

               Here are some answers to this section!!

 

    C.   Example 3 of Darwinian Evolution

    The Peppered Moth of England    

           You got a red clue for the moth on the left. 

        This speckled species prior to the 1840’s occurred only as  L _ _ _ _  colored moths. 

           

                  

      These light colored moths rested during the daytime on the light colored L I _ H _ _ S
      (an association of a fungus plus an algae) located on tree trunks. 

                

    The birds which preyed on these moths did not spot them easily.  
    Can you easily spot them in both the above photos? 

    

        

        By the 1840’s, pollution from  C _ _ _ - B U R N I N G factories had killed
        many of the light-colored lichens and had also deposited soot on the now
        blacker tree trunks. 

           

           

      In 1848,  the first D _ _ _   colored  M _ _ A _ T  peppered moth was found.  
      This is the same species of moth, just a new changed color variety. 

       

                

                       
      Since the tree trunks were now rather  D _ _ K  (change the script) in color, the
      birds of the polluted region more easily fed on the  ________ colored moths in the
      industrialized parts of England.  

       Do you see the moths?   But there are really two moths in the second photo. 
      At first glance, you probably did not see the moth on the left, since it was well
      camouflaged and seldomly eaten by the hungry birds. 

   

      

     By 1895, nearly 99% of the peppered moths in the industrial parts of England were
     the  _______ (color) M _ _ _ _ T  form.  (Note, the coal burning regions of England
     are in the middle-western part of the country near the coal mining regions.)
     
     Industrial areas are marked on this map with dark circles.

   
        Italics Bio H

  

                

        For industrialized England, the  G _ _ _    F _ E Q _ _ _ C _   of the dark
        moths   _ _ CREASED (left image), while the  _ _ N _    _ R E _ _  _ N _ Y 
        of the light moths   _ _ CREASED (right image).

             This case study is known as  I _ _ _ S _ R _ A L    M _ _ A N I _ _

         Click here for the answers to this section!

 

           

  D.   Hugo DeVries’ Modification |
        of Darwin’s Theory (about 1920)
        (Bio H and some Bio R students should refer back Darwin Part 2
        (# 7 Weaknesses) at this time.

                    

     Hugo DeVries was a dutch biologist.  He updated the theories of Charles Darwin
     (mid 19th century) to also include more recent biological developments as of the 1920's.  

     Please do not confuse this man with the Hugo (a.i.a. Hurley) character on T.V.'s Lost.

 

     1.  The cause of the new variation that preceded competition is the sudden
          appearance of  M _ _ A _ I _ _ S  (a.k.a. M _ _ _ _ _ S) within the population.

       

           

     2.  Inherited trait mutation must occur in the reproductive tissue (S _ _     C _ _ L _   
          within the  G _ _ _ D _) of the individual.   (Yes Virginia, even lowly hydras under
          environmentally stressfully conditions, differentiate gonads to make sex cells.)   

          Male gonad tissue are the T _ _ _ E _  & female gonad tissue are the  _ V A _ _ E _ .

     

Please click here for answers to this prior section.  Thank you!

 

 

       E.  Modern Theory of Evolution 
              (First Darwin, then DeVries & finally beyond to the current)

       

          

      1.   Inherited mutations must occur in the  _ _ _  (a molecule) of reproductive cells.

     

 

             

     2.   Variation is increased by the pictured type of cell reproduction known as
           M _ _ O S I S.   (Please think!)

   

              

      3.   N _ _ U _ _ _      _ _ L _ _ _ _ O _  is the struggle of an organism in a specific  
            _ N _ I _ O _ M _ _ T.

     4.    Each organism, due to genetic   _ _ R _ A T _ O _ , is different from all
            others.  The favorable traits, which allow this species to grow in numbers,
            are known as   A _ _ P _ A _ I _ _ S. 

   

              

     5.    If the environment changes, nature will select for the survival of different 
            F _ T N _ S _  traits (adaptations) and the process of   _ V _ _ U T _ _ N
            will proceed in a different direction.   Please do NOT show this photo to
            Mandy is Mr. Rinellas Bio H class. 

     6.   Beneficial (G _ _ _) traits (known as _ _ A _ _ A _ _ _ N _) tend to _ _ CREASE
           in frequency in a population.   These do not have to be new traits in the population,
          only ones which becoming more common

     7.   Unfavorable traits tend to  _ _ CREASE  in frequency in a population;
           eventually resulting in the  E _ T _ _ _ T I _ N  of those traits from the population.  

     8.    Eventually, that entire population may become  _ X _ I _ C T.  

 

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       SUMMARY

    Evolution in the changes in a   _ O _ _ L A _ _ _ N  (never in an I _ D _ _ I D _ A _)
    that occur over a long period of  T _ _ _. 

    Charles Darwin was the first to state a theory of evolution that, although
    controversial, was gradually widely accepted within the scientific community.

    Darwin's main five points are:
    1)    Species tend to _ V E _ P _ O _ _ C _  
    2)    Within the population, there is great  _ A R _ _ T _ _ _  in characteristics
    3)    Since resources are limited, C _ _ _ E T _ _ I _ N  arises between organisms.
    4)    Only some survive since  N _ _ U _ E      S _ _ E _ T S  for the most fit.
    5)    The survivors  _ _ P _ O D _ _ E   and pass on their successful
            A _ _ P T _ _ I _ N _  to their offspring.

    Other scientists updated Darwin's Theory as new knowledge was known.

    I would be very happy if you now selected to view our answer set!

 

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